Entrepreneurship College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneurship College - Essay Example For the success of any creative industry and economy certain factors are very important. They are personal factors, cultural factors, economic factors and social factors Creativity is one of the essential qualities of successful entrepreneur. Creativity refers to doing something in a different way or introducing some new ideas. It is a unique quality of some individuals. "Creativity is defined as the tendency to generate or recognize ideas, alternatives, or possibilities that may be useful in solving problems, communicating with others, and entertaining ourselves and others." (Franken). Creative industry is nothing but the industry that involves some kind of creativity. Creative industries include advertising, music, crafts, art, design, computer software, television, video games, radio, publishing industry, copy writingetc. Creative economy refers to that economy generated and sustained by all the creative industries put together. Creative economy contributes much to the economic development of any country. There is very little chance of the creative industries becoming irrelevant or going out of fashion. Creative industry is an economic sector which is one of the major contributors of national income of most countries. There are millions of people working in the creative industries and it can safely assumed that there will be high increase in the employment opportunities in these industries in coming years. 5% of the GNP in European Union countries is contributed by creative industry. Its growth rate is also very high. (Working papers series: crating industries in Vienna: development, dynamics and potentials 200

Alcohol and the American Colonists Essay Example for Free

Alcohol and the American Colonists Essay American history shows that our ancestors were heavy drinkers. Why did the colonists drink so much? To understand the logic of our ancestors heavy drinking, we think about colonial life. What drinking resources were available to them? What kind of life did they live? New England water was polluted and cow’s milk caused â€Å"sickness† (tuberculosis). New England had cold winters. What did they have to keep warm? Whatever dangers heavy drinking may have presented to the early American colonists, the dangers were minimal compared to the useful benefits alcohol provided them. Drinking resources were limited in colonial times. As Brown states, â€Å"Two typical New England facts brought about polluted water: Indians and the weather. † The Indians had a reputation of stealing, and when the colonists weren’t worried about the Indians the threat of winter brought snow and cold temperatures. Many colonists had wells available for water. Brown describes the water quality in Wines and Beers of New England: â€Å"Wells were either next to the house, usually in and attached shed, or right inside. Sanitary requirements were unknown. The customary way of dealing with human wastes was to use a â€Å"chamber pot,† which was emptied onto the animal dung heap, often very close to the water supply. Yet the farmers needed to quench their thirst, and although secondarily the alcohol in beer wine, and cider must have helped make the rugged unpleasantness of their lives more endurable, primarily the alcohol was a preservative for their drinks. † Alcohol was accessible and didn’t pose a threat to the colonists. â€Å"It was more than a luxury,† â€Å"it was a necessity. † (Lender and Martin 2) The main concern of American colonists was farming. War was also going on. Farmers turning into soldiers being sent to fight. These were depressing times especially during winter months. How were these soldiers to keep warm? If we think about it a fire would give away their position and they had no shelter. Written by John Brown in Early American Beverages, â€Å"Exposed to the rigors of freezing and sub-zero temperatures, at times, a bit of rum or wine provided a warming stimulant and may have prevented pneumonia. † For the soldiers alcohol was a necessity. Our colonial ancestors were heavy drinkers. Alcohol was beneficial, and it was only logical to the colonists for alcohol to be a major part of an everyday diet. Alcohol provided warmth in the cold, no expiration, happiness in war, and hydration for farmers. The dangers of alcohol were minimal in comparison to the other drinking sources. Works Cited: Brown, John H. Early American Beverages. New York: Bonanza, 1966. Print. Brown, Sanborn. Wines Beers of Old New England A How-To-Do-It History . Hanover, NH: The UP of England, 1978. Print. Lender, Mark E. , and James K. Martin. Drinking in America: A History. 2nd ed. New York: Free Press, 1987. Print.

Women and Gender Studies :: essays research papers

Women and gender studies contribute greatly to our understanding of the social and cultural world we inhabit. Studying the complex issues of this field has instituted many key insights. Two major insights that positively affected our society are the awareness through learning and through this awareness activism that can ensue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This course of women and gender studies, as would all courses, have produced awareness by coherently explaining the situations women are facing in the world today. One may not know of theses situations until taught. By learning of these occurrences, one can properly act upon them. Many women and men have taken the opportunity to attend classes on women’s and gender studies and have since then made strides to make a difference in the unjust society that must be faced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowledge is power. An example of awareness producing activism can be seen in the war against Iraq. When one learns of an unjust war being carried out they, now knowing the circumstances, will act as they will to stop the injustices occurring. The same can be seen in women’s activism. When people become educated on the topic of women’s rights, they come to understand the circumstances and can act accordingly to help stop the problems from carrying on. Anne-Marie O’Connor’s article about the maquiladora women in Mexico and their terrible working conditions brought awareness about, as well as Sam Dylan’s article on the mistreatment of these women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A growing population of women’s activists can be attributed to the growing number of courses being offered and information available. Only a few decades ago this would not have been heard of. It is due to the increasing amount of awareness on the topic of women’s status as second class citizens that activism has increased. Through various media, we have learned of topics such as the â€Å"glass ceiling†, the working conditions of women in Third World countries, the current injustices against women being carried out in the First World, reproductive rights, as written about by Angle Davis, and other limitations imposed on women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Awareness springs activism. When one properly learns of a situation that must be alleviated they can now act to reduce the problem. Courses and organizations on women’s and gender issues are most helpful in spreading awareness throughout the land. As more people become educated on the subject, there is a good chance that a percentage of those people will take action.

Discussion Assignment On Learning Styles And Gagnes Theory

The Divergers take the experiences and they think profoundly about them, the diverging from a lone experience to the multiple possibilities is in footings of what it might intend. And they are like to inquire the inquiry ‘why ‘ , and they will get down from the item to the constructive work which is up to the large image. They besides enjoy in take parting and in working with the others but they are like a composure of the ship and they fret over the struggles. The Divergers are usually influenced by the other citizens and them like in having a constructive type of feedbacks. The Divergers like to larn through the logical direction or by the hands-one geographic expedition with the conversations which will take to the find. ( Rickettes )Convergers:The convergers consider about the things and so merely seek out in their thoughts in order to see if they can work in pattern. They ever like to inquire the inquiry ‘how ‘ about the state of affairss, they have good understanding of the things as how effects work in pattern. The convergers like the facts and they will seek to do the things efficient in doing minute and cautious alterations. They wish to work with themselves, they believing really carefully and like moving really autonomously. The Convergers learn through the interaction and have a computer-based instruction which is more efficient than the other methods learned by them.Accomodators:The obligers have most of the hands-on the attacks, with a brawny preference which is for making instead than for believing. They all like to inquire the inquiry ‘what if? ‘ and besides ‘why non? ‘ in order to back up their action-for their first attack. Convergers do non like the modus operandi and will take artistic hazards in order to see what is traveling to go on. They really much like to research the complexness by the direct interface and to larn healthier by them than with the other peoples. As they might be anticipati ng this because they like their custodies to be in the practical acquisition ‘s instead than on the talks.Learners:The learners are holding the most cognitive type of attacks ; they prefer to believe than to move. Learners like to inquire the inquiries like ‘What is at that place I can cognize? ‘ and they like the organized and the structured type of apprehensions. The learners prefer the talks for larning and with the procedure of presentations where it is possible, and it will be esteeming the cognition of the experts. Learners will besides be larning through the conversations that will take a logical and a thoughtful type of attack. So it is really much clear for how to plan the plans for these types. The designing of theseA developing programsA can be undertaken merely when there is a clear construct for the preparation of the aims which has been formed. The readying aims is clears to what the end has to be gained till the stoping of the preparation plans that is what the trainees are to be unsurprising to be able to finish at the stoping of their preparation programs.A The preparation objectivesA ever help the trainers for the designing of the preparation of the plans. The different schemes should be laid down for the different sorts of the trainees for those who are believing in theories should hold those sort of plans and the scholars who believe in practical cognition for them patterns should be organized and the overall decisions which comes is that the cantonments should hold an overall plan procedure which should get down from theories to the patterns. ( Kirkpatrick ‘s foour-level preparation rating theoretical account, 2010 )Learning spheres:First of all, Gagne ‘s theory does supply a great trade of valuable information to instructors and the trainers. The celebrated Robert Gagne ‘s had a theory for the direction that has provided a immense whole number of cherished thoughts to the instructional the interior decorators, the trainers, and the instructors but it truly really utile to everyone during all times. Driscoll has broken the Gagne ‘s theory into three major or countries which are the taxonomy for the larning ty pe of results, the conditions of acquisition, and the events of learning Harmonizing to my belief it is the most appealing manner for those trainees or the trainers who may be really early in their instruction callings and now they are in the demand of the construction for their session sort of programs and holding a holistic sight of their instruction or for the development of the preparation plans. The given sort of theory is in really methodical and inflexible at the bulk of the points. However, by the methodical environment of the hypothesis it may be like a turn-off for many of the preparation plans, and peculiarly for all those developing plans which are like to be originative. ( Kirkpatrick ‘s four degree of rating )Gagne ‘s TheoryAs earlier explained the Gagne ‘s theory of the instruction is normally wrecked into the three Fieldss. The first one of these Fieldss is discussed under the terminology of the larning type of results. The Gagne ‘s taxonomy f or the instruction type of results is like slightly comparable with the Bloom ‘s taxonomy type of the cognitive, emotional, and the psychomotor outcomes where some of the taxonomies were projected by theory of Bloom, but in fact it is completed by the others. Gagne supposed that it was important to nail down the worlds who learned the capablenesss into the classs or the spheres. The gagne ‘s taxonomy is dwelling of the five classs for the educational consequences like the verbal type of information, the rational sort of accomplishments, the cognitive type of schemes, the attitudes, and the motor accomplishments. Gagne with the aid of Briggs and Wager in the year1992 clarified that each of these classs had leads to the different categories of the human public presentation under the counsel plans. Indispensable to the Gagne ‘s thoughts of the direction where he calls the â€Å" conditions of the acquisition ‘s † and he differentiated these thoughts into the internal and the external type of fortunes. The 1 with the internal fortunes trade with earlier erudite accomplishments of the scholar. In the other words, it can be said that what the novice knows old to the preparation plans. The present external fortunes have to cover with the strictly behaviouristic type of term that is presented externally to the novice. For illustration: What sort of instructions is provided to the trainee? So there were the procedures or the ways by which Robert classified the result system. And all his procedure is really relevant in developing the preparation plans. So we can reason that Gagne had a immense and huge part in the development of the preparation plans. ( Cunningham, 1996 )Training Evaluation:Kirkpatrick ‘s four degree theoretical accounts for the rating of the preparation plans are:Level One – Chemical reaction:As the word itself implies, that the rating at this degree measures for how the scholars do respond with the preparation plans. The degree is really frequently measured by the attitude of questionnaires that are approved out after the most of the preparation categories. This degree of it measures one thing that is the scholar ‘s perceptual experience or the reaction for the classs. The scholars are really frequently keenly cognizant for what they require to necessitate to cognize in order to carry through the undertakings. If this plan fails to satisfy their demands, so a finding should be completed as to whether it ‘s the duty of the plan program or release. ( Four acquisition manners, 2011 ) This degree is non merely declarative for the preparation ‘s presentation of the possible as it do non mensurate what the new accomplishments does the scholars have gained or what they will hold to larn so that it will reassign back to the working type of milieus. This has lead to do some of the judges for the down drama of its values. The involvement, motive and the attending of the participants which are frequently really critical with the success of any of the preparation procedure which the people frequently learn enhanced when they respond positively to the instruction environment by sing the significance of it. ( Using kolb ‘s acquisition manners to better a lesson, 2011 )Level Two – Learning:This is the lone extent at which the participants have alteration in the attitudes, with improved cognition, and their addition in the accomplishment as an consequence of engagement in the cognition procedure or in the cantonments. It to boot addresses this inquiry thatA did the people who were participants learned anything? A This acquisition of the rating requires some of the types of post-testing in order to determine with what sort of accomplishments were erudite during the clip of preparation. And in add-on, to the post-testing it is merely valid until combined with the pre-testing, so that the trainees can separate between what they antecedently knew predating to the preparation plans and what they have really learned in the preparation plan. ( Condition of larning ) In measurement of the acquisition ‘s that have taken topographic point in a preparation program is really of import in array to authenticate the acquisition of the aims. The rating of the acquisition that has taken topographic point will typically concentrate on such type of inquiries as: What sort of cognition was gained? ( Lacin, 2011 ) What type of accomplishments were enhanced or developed? What attitudes were to be changed? ( Robert ‘s Gagne ‘s Instructional Design Approach, 2011 ) The scholar appraisals are to be created in order to let the judgements which are to be made for the scholar ‘s capablenesss of the public presentation. There have been two parts for this type of procedure foremost the fold of the information or the grounds which is the testing of the scholar and in the judgement of the information like what does this information represent. The assessment should non be puzzled withA the rating. The appraisal is all about for the advancement and the accomplishments of the entity scholars, while the rating is all about the acquisition of the plan as a whole. ( Gagne )Level Three – Performance ( behavior ) :This type of rating fundamentally involves in the testing of the pupils capablenesss to put to death the erudite accomplishments during the occupation to a certain extent than in the schoolroom. The degree three ratings could be performed really officially proving or which are informally in the surveillance. It so determines that if ther e is right public presentation now go oning by replying of the inquiries ( david a. kolb on experiental acquisition, 2001 ) â€Å" Do people utilize their freshly acquired acquisition ‘s on the occupation? † While in the Kirkpatrick ‘s alone four-levels of the rating, the names for this degree of public presentation but the behaviour is the lone action that is done, while in the concluding consequence of this behaviour it is the public presentation. ( The kirkpatrick four degrees: A fresh expression after 50 old ages 1959-2009, 2009 ) The public presentations have two facets foremost the public presentation being the gross and its consequence being the terminal. If the one traveling to form the preparation were merely concerned about the behavioural type facet, so it could merely be done when in the preparation milieus. The result of the actions or the public presentation is what people are really after and the inquiry is â€Å" can the scholars now execute and produce the wanted consequences in the operational environment? † ( Reiser, 2005 )Level Four – Consequences:This is the concluding consequences that occur. It merely measures the preparation plans and its effectivity, that is, â€Å" What type of impact has the preparation achieved? † These impacts can be taken in history of such points such as the pecuniary, the efficiency, its moral, the teamwork, etc. ( Training Design, 2007 ) As we have moved from degree one to the degree four, so the appraisal procedure becomes more and more difficult and tarriance ; nevertheless, if the higher degree provides the information that is of bit by bit more important value. But possibly the most regularly type of measuring is the level-on. It ‘s vitamin E because it is the easiest manner to mensurate, but yet it provides the slightest valuable informations. Measurement of the consequences that affect the association is frequently significantly trickier, therefore it is conducted fewer often, even though it yields the bulk cherished information. ( Kirkpatrick ‘s acquisition and trainign rating theory, 2009 ) So, all these steps helped a batch in the preparation plans. ( Kolb larning manner, 2010 )

Contemporary Social Work Theory and Issues Essay

Assignment Title To what extent can social work be adequately conceptually understood in terms of a position at the interface between social exclusion and social inclusion? To what extent can social work be adequately conceptually understood in terms of a position at the interface between social exclusion and social inclusion? According to the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) the social work profession ‘promotes the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance wellbeing. Utilising theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments’ (IFSW, 2000). However the social work role is questioned, in both its operational approach, and in terms of where it is positioned at the interface of individuals that are excluded and included within today’s society. This essay will aim, using relevant theories and concepts, to provide the opinion of the author, regarding their notion of how the social work role is delivered, and moreover, grasp an understanding of where this role is located, either working with the socially excluded or leaning towards the concept of inclusion. The term social exclusion was coined in France by Rene Lenoir in 1974, (Gore, 1995, Silver, 1995, Haan, 1998, cited in Islam, 2005: 4) and, in his opinion, referred to people who were omitted from employment-based social security systems. His reference to the excluded consisted of the ‘mentally and physically handicapped, suicidal people, aged individuals, abused children, drug addicts, delinquents, single parents, multi-problem households, marginal asocial persons and other social misfits’ (Silver, 1994-95: 532). Social exclusion did not replace poverty as a concept but referred to the ‘broader process of social disintegration – an increasing rupture of the bond between the individual and society’ (Islam, 2005: 4). As Lenoir suggests, social exclusion transpires in many forms; race, poverty and deprivation, employment, and class, and retains varied definitions. According to Sheppard (2006), the best definition that provides an understanding of all the dimensions of social exclusion was submitted by the Child Poverty Action Group (Walker and Walker, 1997, cited in Sheppard, 2006) ‘social exclusion refers to the dynamic process of being shut out, fully or partially, from any of the social, economic, political and cultural systems which determine the social integration of society’. However, the model of ‘social exclusion’ has only been in use in the UK for a relatively short time, and its extensive practice could indicate that it ‘describes a phenomenon that already existed, but lacked a suitable name’ (Page 2000: 4). Marx, for example, refers to the ‘underclasses in contemporary capitalist society. According to Marx members of the proletariat are compelled to sell their labour power to the bourgeoisie in order to ‘attain for themselves the means to their own subsistence’ (Ashley and Or enstein, 1998). Marx was aware of the growth of the middle classes, situated at the interface of proletariat on the one side and the bourgeoisie on the other, thus increasing the security and power of the upper class. Subsequently this produced a different division of the working class, Marx’s ‘lumpenproletariat’, for example; the migrant population, the indigents, the unemployed and those in poverty and deprivation, individuals that today would be the termed ‘socially excluded’. According to Marx, class structures are primary in determining the main social classes, the focal forms of struggle within societies, and the life experiences of people in these classes. However, secondary forms of inequality and oppression occur within each class, and these may take the form of racial and ethnic inequalities, or gender inequalities. Marxist feminists argue that, ‘within any class, women are less advantaged than men in their access to material goods, power, status, and possibilities for self-actualisation and the causes of this inequality lie in the organisation of capitalism itself’ (Ritzier, 1992: 468-9). , However, as Marxist theory distillates on class division, and is concentrated on the macro level only, this view of Social Work’s position at the interface of exclusion and inclusion is not conclusive. The Social Worker would be seen as working more in line with the ‘lumpenproletariat’ and not providing services to the ‘proletariat’ and certainly not the ‘bourgeoisie’, therefore places social work at the heart of the excluded and not the included. Moreover as social work from the Marxist perspective, is placed firmly within the macro level, the individualism and person centred approach that the social worker aims to provide the client cannot be fulfilled, as to do so would mean to be working at the micro level which the Marxist view discounts. The Functionalist stance referencing the concept of social exclusion is to describe a group, or groups, of people who are excluded from the normal activities of their society in multiple ways, thu s deviating from their societies ‘norms’ of behaviour (Sheppard, 2006). A functionalist perspective of social exclusion is, therefore, focussed upon the excluded persons being deviant and non- conforming to social norms. However, unlike the Marxist perspective, the Functionalist would concentrate on the social worker operational on the macro and the micro level, working with the individual, and also taking the clients wider social systems in to account, for example; family, friends, school and working environment. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), and later Talcott Parsons (1951), suggests that societies were social ‘systems’, made up of interrelated social elements, and that these systems were ‘moral’ entities. Durkheim and Parsons argue that all human associations give rise to expectations in patterns of conduct, therefore producing restrictions on how a person should or shouldn’t behave. Hence emerges ‘collective consciousness’ which, in turn, constrains an individual and obliges them to act in particular ways ( Cuff, Sharrock and Francis, 1992). One way is that norms ‘effectively discipline individuals above all through their moral authority, relatively independent of any instrumentally significant consequences of conformity with them’ (Parsons 1951, p. 37). The other is that there is a tendency for individuals to ‘develop and maintain attachment to the same integrated system of norms and to find solidarity in the pursuit of shared goals’ (Parsons 1934: 295, Peacock 1976: 265). The Functionalist, therefore, would suggest that social work is very much concerned with the deviants in society, the individuals that do not conform to society’s norms. However this notion too could be contested, as, if the social work profession concerns itself with the deviants of society, the client could be at risk from labelling and of being further excluded by the social worker themselves. Sheppard (2006), asserts that social work is, in fact, exclusionary and that social workers ‘cannot engage in integration and inclusion because its innate functions involve labelling and marginalising people’ ( Sheppard, 2006). Functionalism also neglects the negative functions of an event, such as divorce, and does not encourage people to take an active role in changing their social environment, even when such change may benefit them. Conflict Theory also sees society as a social system, but unlike Functionalism who perceives society held together by social consensus or cohesion, Conflict Theory interprets society as held together through conflict and coercion. From this perspective, society is made up by competing interest groups, some more powerful than others (Andersen and Taylor, 2008). When Conflict Theorists look at society, they see the social domination of subordinate groups through the power, authority, and coercion of dominant groups. Randall Collins (1941) su ggests that power and status are fundamental relational dimensions at the micro level of social interaction and perhaps at the macro level as well. Collins concludes that coercion and the ability to force others to behave a certain way are the primary basis of conflict in society (Turner, 2000). Therefore in the conflict view, the elite members of the dominant groups create the rules for success and opportunity in society, often denying subordinate groups such success and opportunities, thus generating social division, and creating social exclusion, at the macro and the micro levels of society. In contrast to the conflict perspective, the strengths approach concentrates on building clients strong points in order for them to become empowered and initiate social change. Cowger and Snively (2001) favour the empowerment perspective as ‘central to social work practice, and see client strengths as providing the fuel and energy for that empowerment’ (Miley et al, 2004:91). Empowerment can be defined as ‘a construct that links individual strengths and competencies, natural helping systems, and proactive behaviours to social policy and social change’ (Rappaport, 1981, cited in Zimmerman, 1995: 569). However if the social worker is operational more within the context of empowering the socially excluded, rather than the included, what of the power and authority that a social worker holds over the client as an agent of social control? Moreover, if a social workers role involves empowering the client to take control of their own lives, how does the power transfer from the authoritative figure of the social worker, to the deprived, socially excluded client? Indeed, would the client want to be empowered, or be able to hold rational thought, capacity, to be open to empowerment? Rojek (1989) argues that empowering clients to focus on capacity building and not in making changes directly to the oppressive social structures affecting the client, places responsibility on the client to change whilst still facing social obstacles. Therefore, for the social worker to effectively practice empowerment, the client is presumed to have adequate rational capacity, and have only one risk factor influencing their lives. This is difficult, as, from researching this essay, it has become apparent, that the socially excluded individuals that social work operates with, has more than one disadvantage, problem, or need that they require support to cope with. Perhaps the term enablement would be more fitting than the harsh, power/powerless concept of empowerment and subsequently, that the social workers role should concentrate on maintaining the client According to Davies (1994: 58) ‘the social worker is contributing to the maintenance of society, by exercising control over deviant members, whilst allocating resources according to policies laid down by the state, on an individual basis’. This consensus approach ‘analyses structural inequalities in society and the role of social work in relation to such inequ alities’ (Lishman, 2005: 70). Davies idea of maintenance of the individual, and, therefore society, is simplistic, and, by using the term ‘maintain’ rather than ‘change’, dominates a proper conception of social work’ (Sheppard, 2006). However the radical social worker would discount Davies notion of maintenance as they perceive the state as serving particular dominant interests and therefore cannot play a neutral, humanitarian role in respect to vulnerable, disadvantaged, socially excluded people. They would argue that social workers using the maintenance role, with respect to state policies, will perpetrate inequality and its associated oppressions, disadvantages and stigma. Radicalists distinguish that social workers need to understand the nature of state power, and the role of social work as an element of state control and oppression (Lishman, 2005). If this is the case, and the social worker is operational in the form of an agent of social control, whilst holding the power and control over the client, may actually be alienating them further from society. Additionally, as the radical perspective, alongside Marxism, focusses on the class differences in society, it fails to take into account the multiple and varying oppression and disadvantage which operate in British Contemporary Society. According to Langham and Lee (1989: 9) radical social work texts and practice led to the failure to ‘recognise the systematic denial of power to women and black people and failed to recognise inequality arising from sexuality, disability or age’. There is much debate and confusion in reference to the definition of social work, and even more deliberation concerning the role of the social worker and of its operational position in today’s society. Taking into account, views from the Marxist, Radical and Functionalist perspectives, it has been the focus of this essay to decide upon the position of social work at the interface of social exclusion and social inclusion. It is of the author’s opinion, that social work should perform a maintenance role, working with socially excluded individuals. The notion of being an agent of social control is not very appealing, as it makes the social worker an authority figure, which clients would find oppressive. It doesn’t matter if the client is deviant or a conformist, the social worker should remain non-judgemental and focus on enabling and maintaining them to gain independence and improve their lives. References Andersen, M. Taylor, H. (2008), Sociology, Understanding a Diverse Society, 4th edn. USA: Thomson Higher Education. Ashley, D. Orenstein, D. (1998), Sociological Theory, Classical Statements. 4th edn. USA: Allyn and Bacon. Cuff, E. Sharrock, W. Francis, D. (1992), Perspectives in Sociology, 4th edn. London: Routledge. Davies, M. (1994), the Essential Social Worker, 3rd edn. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. International Federation of Social Workers, 2000, Definition of Social Work, [Online] Available at http://www.ifsw.org/f38000138.html (Accessed on 19/12/2011). Islam, A, (2005), ‘Sociology of Poverty: Quest for a New Horizon’, Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. 2, pp. 1. Lisman, J. (2005), Handbook of theory for practice teachers in social work, 10th edn. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Miley, K. DuBois, B. (2004), Social work: an empowering profession, 5th edn. Boston: Pearson Publishers. Page, D. (2000), Communities in Balance, the reality of social exclusion on housing estates, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Parsons, T. (1934), ‘the Place of Ultimate Values in Sociological Theory’, International Journal of Ethics, 45(3), pp. 282-316. Parsons, T. (1951), the Social System, New York: Free Press. Ritzier, G, (1992), Sociological Theory, 3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill. Rojek, C. Peacock, G. Collins, S. (1989) Social Work and Received Ideas, London: Routledge. Sheppard, M. (2006), Social Work and Social Exclusion, the Idea of Practice, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Silver, H. (1994-95), ‘Social Exclusion and Social Solidarity: Three Paradigms’, International Labour Review, (133), pp. 531-578. Turner, J. (2000), Handbook of Sociological Theory, USA: Spring er Press. Zimmerman, M. Perkins, D. (1995), ‘Empowerment Theory Research and Application’, American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), pp. 569– 579.

Cognitive Ergonomics

Cognitive Ergonomics Introduction Cognitive ergonomics is focused on modifying processes to suit the human capability (Budnick 2001, p. 1). Ergonomics in its entirety is focused on redesigning processes to suit human meaning. This can be done through modifying equipments, tools, environments and such like elements to increase efficiency or production (Budnick 2001, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Ergonomics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, a lifting job can be redesigned to happen at the waist level for ease of functions; or a tool can be redesigned to reduce awkward postures and instead be more comfortable for human use (Robertson 1995, p. 279). There are many other applications that employ the concept of cognitive economics and some of them include the design of software interfaces (for easy human use), the design of airplane cockpits and automobile controls to reduce human errors and the likes. The concep t of cognitive ergonomics is especially relied on when designing complex machines and hi-tech equipments because they are normally difficult to operate, thereby posing a challenge to many people, regarding how to operate them (Cohen 1997, p. 2). For example, a hi-tech mobile phone may not necessarily cause an accident but if it poses a challenge to customers regarding its operability, it may eventually turn out to be a market failure (because it will be shunned by customers). In industrial processes, the concept of cognitive ergonomics cannot be overemphasized because if a plant or equipment is poorly designed, it may consequently lead to the occurrence of errors or accidents, besides increasing the probability of reduced production or the production of low quality goods (Talty 1988, p. 702). Often, people are known to over-trust ergonomics but in other times, they are known to mistrust the concept altogether (Moray 2005, p. 546). For instance, if a ship’s system indicates th at all the valves are in working condition, but in real sense, not all of them are working as perfectly as they should, the captain may carry out subsequent procedures based on the assumption that, all the valves are in working condition.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This could lead to an accident (Shahbazian 2008, p. 165). Often, people would blame the captain for the accident, but in real sense, the systems are to be blamed. This is a clear example of an over-trust in ergonomics. A case of ergonomics mistrust has also been evidenced in the past. For instance, in an American prison, administrators installed motion sensors to trigger an alarm if a prisoner tried to escape. Within the first month of installation, the motion sensors went off all the time because it was triggered by wind motions and flying animals. This prompted the officers to start ignoring the s ensors. One inmate took advantage of the officers’ attitudes and managed to climb off the prison walls into freedom. The Importance of cognitive ergonomics can therefore not be underestimated because in the above scenario, if the same situation was observed in systems, such as fire alarms, the consequences would be disastrous and adverse. Cognitive ergonomics is therefore crucial in the society because almost everything is controlled by systems. This study however focuses on a case of establishing cognitive ergonomic issues of the Toyota Pruis model to establish strategies that can be used to improve the same. Since this study is focused on the cognitive ergonomic issues of the Toyota Prius model, emphasis will be made on the vehicle’s controls. To do so, a brief description of the product will be made in the first part of this paper, and secondly, ergonomic principles will be applied to the product to constitute the second part of the paper. In subsequent sections of the study, the ergonomic principles identified will be used to identify how best to redesign the car’s system controls. Finally, a summary of the study will be contained in the conclusion segment of the paper. Product The Toyota Prius model plays a significant role in the evolution of the global automotive industry because the model is a â€Å"green† car and so far, it has had immense success in the global automotive market (Green Car Congress 2011, p. 1). In California, the Toyota Prius model was rated one of the cleanest vehicles in America because it is run on a hybrid power engine (Green Car Congress 2011, p. 1). The Toyota hybrid car was first launched in Japan (in the year 1997), and since the year 2001, when it was launched in other markets across the globe, the car has been received very well by the consumers (Product Team 2011). So far, Toyota Prius model has been launched in more than 70 markets across the globe but its highest success has been witnessed in A sian markets and Northern Europe.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Ergonomics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 2008, the model was rated one of the highest selling vehicles across the globe because vehicle sales reached the one million mark in the same year (Green Car Congress 2011, p. 1). Two years after that, the company attained the two million vehicles sales mark (Abuelsamid 2011). Since the Toyota Pius model has received great sales across major world markets, there has been increased interest about the vehicles ergonomics especially regarding the vehicles safety. Seeking a vehicle with the right type of cognitive ergonomic safety controls is not a simple task for people willing to find the right type of car for their convenience. Having the right car with the right cognitive ergonomic control is however very important in today’s society because many people spend most of their time driving (w hen compared to the past). Vehicle safety is an important part of cognitive ergonomics because safety is an essential determinant of vehicle sales. In other words, consumers are becoming increasingly aware about the need to buy vehicles which have a high safety standard. This standard can be determined by a vehicle’s safety controls. The Toyota Prius model is special in this regard because the car is fitted with power seats, automatic headlights, automatic climate control features and selective parking lights, all which add to the vehicle’s cognitive ergonomic features (Silverman 2011, p. 1). The selection and design of a right ergonomic car is often important in the automotive industry because many individuals seek products which are safe and easy to use (Dainoff 2007, p. 19). The market has a variety of ergonomic cars, but it would be misleading for anyone to buy a car, simply because it is deemed â€Å"ergonomic†. In this context, it is important to note that , ergonomic cars are designed to suit a variety of clients, but the variety is evidence enough that not everybody will find ergonomic cars appropriate for their use. For instance, some cars are designed to suit people of different genders, disabled people and the likes. Moreover, not all ergonomic cars blend well with a market’s environment, or even how a given terrain is perceived.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The right selection of an ergonomic car is therefore a tricky affair (but yet a simple one) because the right ergonomic car is only obtained when it suits the user’s purpose and safety requirements (Reilly 2007, p. 12). Moreover, the right ergonomic car should also suit the user’s task. From this analysis, it is important to understand that, the right ergonomic car can be obtained, although the process may be cumbersome. Application of Ergonomic Principles Recent cognitive ergonomic trends in the automotive industry incline towards developing cars with a high ease of use and a strong sense of automation (Silverman 2011, p. 1). Disabled drivers using the Toyota Prius model have benefitted a lot from the focus on ease of use and automation. For instance, in the Toyota Prius model, the automatic temperature feature has been cited as a major feature in the user control panel because users only have to set the temperature right (at 22 degrees Celsius) and the car does the r est, (in ensuring safety concerns are upheld) (Silverman 2011, p. 1). However, the Toyota Prius model falls short of accommodating all its customer subgroups. The car’s ease of reading control instructions is especially wanting, when it is perceived in the context of elderly drivers using the car. The text sizes in the car’s controls are small, and elderly drivers may find it difficult to read the small print when driving. Not only do elderly drivers find the readability of the texts difficult, other drivers may find it difficult to read the text too because when driving, a lot of attention is focused on the wheel as opposed to reading texts on the car’s dashboard. Since the readability of the user interface is wanting, drivers waste a lot of time trying to understand the commands on the car’s dashboard. This technical fault may be dreadful when driving because drivers are likely to cause an accident if their attention is shifted from the road. The positi on of the Prius model steering wheel is also placed in a wrong position which inhibits the visibility of the vehicles controls. Moreover, the high steering position is a barrier to good visibility when driving. Experts note that, this poor steering position obstructs the driver’s view of blind spots and may subsequently cause accidents (Silverman 2011, p. 1). The control panel of the Toyota Prius model is also a victim of poor lighting which hampers the visibility of texts in the control dashboard. The lighting is deemed too dim by most drivers and therefore, they have to strain to understand what is written in the control panel. People with poor visibility are therefore likely to find the readability of the texts on the control panel very poor. This may cause an accident or engine failure if there is a communication breakdown between the car’s system and the driver. On another negative front, the Prius model is criticized for lacking an adjustable seat height that fac ilitates easy visibility of the road. Other cars which lack this feature are criticized for poor visibility of the road because they fail to factor the average distance of driver visibility, between the driver’s eye level and the dashboard (Silverman 2011, p. 1). This distance always varies because the height of the driver seat fails to allow the driver to have the maximum visibility of the road. This feature is more serious for short drivers because they do not have the ability to see the road at all. Cars which do not allow for easy adjustability of the driver seat hinder the driver’s ability to have a maximum view of the road. The Toyota Prius model has however shown some positive cognitive ergonomic attributes in the development of its recent models. This observation is based on the fact that, recent models have been designed with a hands-free device to enable drivers to communicate without deviating their attention from driving. This control device was recommended for integration into the car’s user interface after it was affirmed that, driver attention was consistently lost with the absence of a hands-free device in most cars (Silverman 2011, p. 1). The Prius model was therefore designed to include this feature and it has proved beneficial to most users who want to communicate over the phone without putting their lives at risk by using a handheld mobile. Moreover, this feature has made the compliance to new automotive legislation in the automotive sector very easy. Most automotive manufactures are nowadays required to integrate hands-free mobile features in their cars, to reduce chances of vehicle accidents caused by the use of handheld mobile phones (Silverman 2011, p. 1). This is a positive cognitive ergonomic feature for the Toyota Prius model. Recommendations To rectify the small font size hindering the readability of the user interface, it is crucial to redesign the user interface of the vehicle control system to accommodate lar ge texts. Large fonts should therefore be used to improve user readability and improve the overall understandability of the information conveyed (Sedlack 2011, p. 1). Achieving this objective may involve changing the entire control software or accommodating a user interface where drivers can change the size of the fonts, depending on their readability level. For instance, the elderly may have the opportunity to increase the size of the fonts, while young drivers may find that reducing the size of the fonts is effective. Regardless of the variables, the drivers would be in a position to adjust the font’s size to suit their reading capabilities. To correct the poor seat height that hinders the drivers’ visibility of the road, users or buyers of ergonomic cars should be able to identify certain common features of any good driver ergonomic seat. These features identify the benchmarked factors to be considered before selecting the right ergonomic car. Also, these benchmark features should be useful to all drivers, regardless of their purpose of car use. The first benchmark feature is adjustability. Adjustability is crucial in cognitive car ergonomics, especially in defining the right seat height to be set by the driver because at times, it is difficult for automotive companies to design seats which are suitable for all heights (International Labour Office 1996, p. 138). However, adjustability should also be evidenced in other features of the seat to enable the driver have maximum visibility of the road. The depth of the seat is also important in the selection of the right ergonomic seat because the right ergonomic seat should be suitable for tall and short drivers. The last benchmark feature is stability. Stability is important for the drivers’ comfort because unstable seats are known to be frustrating and possibly dangerous to drivers. Stability is crucial because it sustains driver concentration on the road. The standard base should be at lea st five-points (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety 2005). To rectify the poor brightness hindering the visibility of the driver interface panel, it is important for the interface designers to integrate a lighting control system that is able to adjust the brightness of the texts (or its background), depending on the lighting environment in the car. When it is too bright, the texts should be brighter to make the texts more visible and when it is darker, the texts should still be bright to enable the users to easily read the controls. To rectify the poor steering position hindering the visibility of the driver’s view, it is crucial to observe an important ergonomic feature in the automotive industry which dictates that, the driver needs to have enough space between the steering wheel and the legs (Silverman 2011, p. 1). The same distance should be maintained between the control dashboard and the steering wheel for easy visibility. This adjustment ensures drivers have the maximum view of the road and vehicle controls. It also ensures that drivers are in a good position to control the vehicle and comprehend the engine’s attributes from the control system. Conclusion Designing the best cognitive ergonomic controls for the Toyota Prius model is a matter of precision. However, the user’s preference is at the centre of the design process because this study establishes that, not all ergonomic cars are suitable for use in all environments. Moreover, not all aspects of a car’s ergonomic controls can be designed for everyone. This is the main motivation for categorizing drivers into different profiles with different needs. For instance, this paper categorizes the drivers into disabled or elderly drivers. From this understanding, it is crucial for the designers of the Prius model to consider the cognitive ergonomic needs of the users. This should especially be observed during the design of the car’s user interface because i t influences important issues on car performance, such as safety. However, considering the fact that, not all cars can be designed for everyone, this paper establishes several benchmarks, in terms of recommendations that should be factored at the design stage in the manufacture of the Toyota Prius model. From this understanding, this paper advocates for a strong focus on the interface font size, interface text brightness, driver steering position and the driver’s seat height and depth. In making most users comfortable, it is crucial to ensure the fonts and brightness of the texts in the user interface board of the car is easily adjustable to ensure all drivers comprehend information conveyed in the user control board. It is also crucial for the steering position to be placed in a manner that allows for the full view of the road and the user interface on the vehicle’s dashboard. The seat height should also be positioned in the same manner so that drivers can have a maxi mum view of the road. The recommendations provided in this study should be the default standards to be used in the automotive industry. For instance, if the adjustable features are installed in the user interface, many users would find the Toyota Prius model appropriate for their use. References Abuelsamid, S. (2011) Toyota Tops 2 Million Hybrid Sales Worldwide (Online) Available at: http://green.autoblog.com/2009/09/04/toyota-tops-2-million-hybrid-sales-worldwide/ . Budnick, P. (2001) What is Cognitive Ergonomics? (Online) Available at: ergoweb.com/news/detail.cfm?id=352 . Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. (2005) Ergonomic Chair (Online) Available at: ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/office/chair.html . Cohen, A. (1997) Elements of Ergonomics Programs: A Primer Based On Workplace  Evaluations of Musculoskeletal Disorders. New York, DIANE Publishing. Dainoff, M. (2007) Ergonomics and health aspects of work with computers: international  conference, EHAWC 2007, he ld as part of HCI International 2007, Beijing, China, July 22-27: proceedings. New York, Springer. Green Car Congress. (2011) Worldwide Prius Cumulative Sales Top 2M Mark; Toyota  Reportedly Plans Two New Prius Variants for the US By End of 2012 (Online) Available at: greencarcongress.com/2010/10/worldwide-prius-cumulative-sales-top-2m-mark-toyota-reportedly-plans-two-new-prius-variants-for-the-.html#more 2010-10-07. International Labour Office. (1996) Ergonomic Checkpoints: Practical and Easy-To-  Implement Solutions For Improving Safety, Health And Working Conditions. New York, International Labour Organization. Moray, N. (2005) Ergonomics: Major Writings. London, Routledge. Product Team. (2011) 2008 Toyota Prius (Online) Available at: hybridcar.com/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=521Itemid=103 . Reilly, M. (2007) An Ergonomics Guide to Computer Workstations. New York, AIHA. Robertson, S. (1995) Contemporary Ergonomics. London, Taylor Francis. Sedlack, W. (2011) The I mportance of Readability in Good Website Design (Online) Available at: http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Importance-of-Readability-in-Good-Website-Designid=2591054 . Shahbazian, E. (2008) Harbour Protection through Data Fusion Technologies. New York, Springer. Silverman, J. (2011) How Car Ergonomics Work (Online) Available at: http://auto.howstuffworks.com/under-the-hood/trends-innovations/car-ergonomics2.htm . Talty, J. (1988) Industrial Hygiene Engineering: Recognition, Measurement, Evaluation,  And Control. New York, William Andrew.

The Business Proposal Global Hotel Tourism Essays

The Business Proposal Global Hotel Tourism Essays The Business Proposal Global Hotel Tourism Essay The Business Proposal Global Hotel Tourism Essay This concern undertaking recommends the building of a Swimming Pool for Global Hotel plc Lagos, Nigeria. This swimming pool when built will assist the company to non merely bring forth an one-year gross N3,480,000 but will assist the administration to retain its present clients and besides increase the Numberss of suites booked from 20 to about 30 suites per twenty-four hours. The addition in suites is expected to increase on a monthly footing over the following old ages Apart from the benefits of extra income, addition in client s backing and the rise in suites booked, the building of this swimming pool will besides assist to heighten the hotels evaluation from a 4- Star to a 5-Star hotel which could be used as a footing for increased criterions and monetary value to clients. The mark clients of this concern venture are both the present and the possible clients of the hotel. They are normally the middle-class people in and around Lagos State. The undertaking is estimated to be N2, 000,000 and will be constructed in two months. On the other manus, this undertaking could bring forth a net income of N1, 480,000 in one twelvemonth. Since the concern assessment method used by the company is the Payback Period ( PBP ) , it will take the company 1 twelvemonth to reimburse its initial investing capital. Alternate concern chance The concern proposal considers the building of assorted forms and sizes of the Swimming Pool and its associated cost and benefit. The forms are Square-shaped N2, 800,000, Egg-shaped ( N2, 000,000 ) , Circular-shaped ( N3, 000,000 ) and the Rectangular-shaped ( N1, 800,000 ) . After a proper consideration, The Egg-shaped pool is proposed because it is more stylish and will set the company in a competitory border over its challengers. This is because all its rivals have either the square or rectangular-shaped pool which is no longer stylish. 1.2. LITERATURE REVIEW Harmonizing to the World Tourism Organisation ( WTO ) , Tourism is one of the top five export classs for every bit many as 83 per cent of states and is the chief beginning of foreign exchange net incomes for at least 38 per cent of states. Tax grosss from touristry are both direct and indirect. Direct revenue enhancement grosss are generated from the incomes earned by concerns and workers. Indirect revenue enhancements are responsibilities levied on goods and services purchased by tourers. The World Travel and Tourism Council estimates that revenue enhancement parts related to tourism global were over $ 800 billion in 2007. Tourism is a monopolistically competitory industry. It has many comparatively little endeavors bring forthing somewhat differentiated merchandises and services. Barriers to entry and issue are comparatively low. Harmonizing to Prof. Ajaola ( 2008, P.6 ) , the hotel and touristry industry in Nigeria still remained comparatively untapped . This means that there is a immense market in this industry. The hotel industry provides enormous chance for comparatively little concerns to boom and is a taking generator of occupations. The hotel adjustment sector entirely provided around 18.3 million occupations world-wide in 2005, harmonizing to the United Nations Environmental Programme ( UNEP ) . In an progressively competitory industry it is indispensable to bring forth new and advanced thoughts to distinguish a merchandise from others of the same nature ( Taylor, 2009 ) . Hotels can remain or leap in front of their rivals, without needfully incurring great disbursal, but by taking originative advantage of every chance and if Global hotels most win it must be at the head of invention. The building of this swimming pool is necessitated by the demand by the company to remain in front of invention and to make value service and experience to their legion clients from all plants of life. 1.3. Market ANAYSIS Lagos is Nigeria s most thickly settled province with stopping point to 18 million people ( National Population Commission, Nigeria ( 2009, P.12 ) . As a major transit hub with an international and local airdrome, Lagos is unambiguously placed to profit from tourer reachings into Nigeria. The presence of sea ports and major international route gateways of course place Lagos at an advantage for being the first point of call for approximately 68 % reachings into Nigeria ( the functionary web site of the Lagos State Government, Nigeria ) . Although Lagos province is the smallest province in Nigeria, with an country of 356,861 hectares of which 75,755 hectares are wetlands, yet it has the highest population, which is over five per cent of the national estimation ( Tradeinvestnigeria, 2007: P.2 ) . A The province has a population of 17 million out of a national estimation of 150 million. The UN estimates that at its present growing rate, Lagos province will be 3rd largest mega metropolis in the universe by Y2015 after Tokyo in Japan and Bombay in India. A Of this population, Metropolitan Lagos, an country covering 37 % of the land country of Lagos State is place to over 85 % of the State population. ( Lagos State Population Commission ) A The rate of population growing is about 600,000 per annum with a population denseness of about 4,193 individuals per sq. kilometer. In the built-up countries of Metropolitan Lagos, the mean denseness is over 20,000 individuals per square kilometer. Current demographic tendency analysis revealed that the State population growing rate of 8 % has resulted in its capturing of 36.8 % of Nigeria s urban population. World Bank, 1996 ) estimation at 49.8 million people of the state s over 140 million population. The deduction is that whereas state population growing is 4/5 % and planetary 2 % , Lagos population is turning 10 times faster than New York and Los Angeles with sedate deduction for urban sustainability.A A The gross estimation from the hotel industry by the Lagos State Government rose from about 78m Naira in 2007 to 150m Naira in 2010 ( Adetola, 2010 ) . The population backed by the inflow of people from all over the universe to this great metropolis means that there is a immense market in this industry. Besides, with the cheery nature of the metropolis and the tourer Centre like National Art Theatre Iganmu, Lagos Central Mosque, Slave Port Badagry, Glover Memorial Hall, First Storey Building in Nigeria, Slave Jetty Badagry, Early Missionary Cemetary, Canon Gun, Instrument of Slave Abolition A ; War, Slave Market Badagry, Christ Cathedral CMS, Tafawa Balewa Square ( Alade, Places to see in Lagos, 2010, p.13 ) , the building of this Pool will be a feasible and profitable thought. 1.4. Undertaking BENEFIT This undertaking when approved and executed will convey the undermentioned benefits to the company. 1. This undertaking will assist to hike the company s image among its clients and rivals and will decidedly take to increased gross revenues and net income. 2. This undertaking will assist the company to use the room s capacity from 20rooms to 40rooms which is about a 100 per centum addition 3. It will bring forth income from both the swimming pool and besides from the backing that it will pull to the suites. 4. It will besides cut down the cost of operation of the hotel as the fixed cost will be spread across to the swimming pool. Fixed cost like the cost of running the works and others. 5. It will guarantee that staffs are to the full utilised because the swimming pool will cut down the sum of idle clip. This once more can be seen from the fact that the workers like the room cleaners, laundry staffs and hotel attenders frequently stay idle after go toing to a limited figure of clients. This venture will therefore guarantee that the hotels workers are to the full engaged. 2.1. Undertaking RESOURCES Undertaking cost The undertaking s cost is as follows COST ITEM COST ( N ) Construction cost- 1, 300,000 Maintenance- 210, 000 ( 17,500/month ) Wages 432, 000 ( 3 workers/144,000 per one-year ) Gross saless advert 30,000 ( 3 Calendar months ) Other cost 28,000 Entire 2,000,000 Depreciation- 12 % per one-year Undertaking gross Gross point Revenue ( N ) Swiming Pool 1,620,000 ( 135000/month ) @ 15 customers/day Drinks: Liquors 288,000 ( 300 bottle/month @ ( N ) 80 ) Mineral 72,000 ( 150 bottles/month @ ( N ) 40 ) Suites 1,500,000 ( 600 customers/month @ 5000 ) Entire Revenue 3,480,000 Estimated net income = N1, 480,000 Fiscal analysis Since the company uses the Payback Period in measuring its undertakings, below is an analysis of the viability of this undertaking. It is expected that gross will increase yearly by 50 % . Year Revenue ( N ( 1000000s ) Cost N ( 1000000s ) PBP 1 3,480 2,000 1 year 2 5,220 2,400 3 7,830 2,880 Beginning of finance and other resources Finance Harmonizing to Brigham ( 2005 ) , Finance is the lifeblood and nervus Centre of a concern, merely as circulation of blood is indispensable in the human organic structure for keeping life ; finance is a really indispensable to smooth running of the concern. It has been justly termed as cosmopolitan lubricator that keeps the endeavor moral force. No concern, whether large, medium or little can be started without an equal sum of finance. Although there are different beginnings of finance available to the company e.g. bank loan, net income, divestment, creditors etc, this undertaking will be financed with the companies retained net incomes and will assist cut down the load of holding to pay involvement if the company decides to finance the undertaking with bank loan of approximately 20 % one-year involvement or other beginnings that have strings attached to them. Forces A good figure of concerns fail non because of deficiency of fundss but because they fail to prosecute the right workers ( Walker, 1980 ) . The success or failure of any administration is mostly determined by the quality of its work force. The direct and indirect cost of bad enlisting is serious. A individual placed in an unsuitable work is an unsuitable work is either unable to make the needed criterion of public presentation or is working under psychological strain. The building of the pool will intend that three ( 3 ) extra staffs will be engaged by Global Hotels and because there are limited Numberss of staffs in the company to enroll from internally, the workers will be recruited externally. The vacancies will be posted on the company s web site and other occupation sites which are normally free and will give the same consequence as paid advert. After the advert has be made and the right applier has been chosen, the other facet will be to prosecute the workers but they can non be engaged if they are non adequately trained. Training demands will be identified and the hotel director will guarantee that the right preparation plan is designed for the new workers to be trained. Although there are different developing techniques like talks, coaching, instance survey method simulation etc, the company will utilize the initiation as a agency of developing the chosen workers because they do non necessitate a specialized preparation that will affect much of the company s resources. Construction Company The company that will be selected will be able to run into the company s specification and deadline because incorrect design and the extension of the deadline will non intend good to the company. 2.2. Selling Scheme A selling scheme is a program that is developed with the end to market a specific thought or merchandise to certain people Kotler, ( 1980 ) . You have to make a great selling scheme in order to be successful with your thought or merchandises. Harmonizing to Porter, ( 1998 ) , there are three generic schemes available to a company-focus, cost leading and a discriminator and because the hotel industry is a monopolist competitory industry and there is a low entry and issue barriers, the propose scheme to Global Hotels will be the merchandise distinction scheme. The ground is that to win a big sum of clients in such an industry, a company will necessitate to merchandise different but similar merchandises and services to derive a immense market. The ground for taking the elliptic swimming pool is to pull client who normally are really witting of new and modern merchandises. Since the best form of the merchandise has been identified and the discriminator in usage, the following measure will be to make consciousness to the clients of the company s advanced merchandise. Although there are different options available for the company to make its possible clients, the best pick will be to utilize the telecasting medium. The ground for this pick is because of the fact that the mark clients are concern and extremely placed persons in the society who loves listening to the intelligence. The paid advertizement will be done at 7am and autopsy for three months. 2.3. Undertaking ASSUMPTIONS It is assumed that the addition in the Lagos State Government s gross projection means that there will be increased activity in the touristry industry for the coming twelvemonth thereby taking to an addition in clients to the company. It is besides assumed that of the mean client of 20 per twenty-four hours, at least 10 will act upon their friends or co-worker to sponsor Global Hotels Ltd every month. 2.4. Undertaking DESCRIPTION This undertaking which is the building of a Swimming Pool will be carried out by either of these companies whose proposals will be considered and one eventually chosen. The Hotel director shall oversee on a day-to-day footing the advancement of the undertaking. The Pool will be manned by one Staff who must be really good at swimming and will be made to remain by the side of the pool to supervise clients and deliverance any client who wants to submerge. Two Pool Attendant staffs will be employed to function clients need at the pool. These Three staffs shall besides be responsible for the general care of the pool. 3.1. Undertaking IMPLIMENTATION Plan Below is a table demoing the undertaking execution program for the building of the swimming pool by Global Hotels. The event day of the months, the event itself every bit good as the event account will be used to explicate the different events. No. Events day of the month Event Event Explanation 1 03-04-10 Construction Proposals The undertaking proposals will be sent to a figure of building companies. The ground for this is to choose from the list of interested companies the company that will be able to transport out the building of the swimming pool in the most cost effectual manner and meets with Global Hotels undertaking specification. Besides, the proposals will be considered based on the company that will finish the undertaking in the specified clip frame which is in two moths 2 30-04-10 Company chosen At this phase, among the list of companies that has shown involvement will be evaluated based on their path record. Then chosen company will be notified and asked to get down work. 3 14-05-10 Initial Project start-up capital provided Immediately after the right company has been chosen, initial mobilization fund of 30 % will be paid to the building company. This is to enable the company start work directly off. 4 28-05-10 Beginning of building After the mobilisation finance has been provided to the company, the following event will be to let the company two hebdomads to mobilise and convey in the necessary equipment and stuffs needed to make the occupation. This would hold been done before this day of the month and the occupation is expected to get down on this day of the month. 5 28-05-10 Undertaking monitoring and control To guarantee that the undertaking meets with the specification and is under agenda, the hotel director will be instructed to transport out a day-to-day supervision/ appraisal of the undertaking s advancement and study to the undertaking applied scientist to do necessary amendments in instance of divergences. 6 28-06-10 Placement of enlisting advert Since the undertaking is expected to complete by 6, June there is demand to get down pulling the right quality of staffs that will be needed to adult male both the swimming pool and to function as service staffs ( servers ) . 7 30-07-10 Appraisal and Concluding payments made-project completion The following phase will be the concluding appraisal of the undertaking after its completion and payments to the building company. This payment will merely be made after the undertaking has been weigh up and fund to hold met the agreed specification and design. 8 02-08-10 Invitation and choice of workers At this phase the right pool of appliers will be invited for interview and the right campaigner selected for the occupation. And since this is a new country of concern to the company, experience custodies will merely be engaged particularly the pool attendant staff who must be a good swimmer and savior. The right campaigner will be notified instantly and asked to get down work the undermentioned hebdomad. 9 09-08-10 Beginning of operation Immediately after the undertaking is completed and the right staffs selected, the following logical thing to make will be to get down operation by the official gap of the swimming pool to the public-customers. 10 09-08-10 Advert arrangement To guarantee that possible clients are cognizant of the company s new merchandise and to pull would-customers advert will instantly fellow and will be done utilizing the television-news hours as the right medium to make the mark market. 11 09-09-10 Undertaking rating The first month after the completion of the undertaking is a good clip to get down measuring the success of the venture. The undertaking will be evaluated to cognize if it has lead to an addition in room demand, client s sentiment on the new merchandise, and the entire profitableness of the undertaking utilizing the expected income as a footing for measuring the undertaking s success. 3.2. Undertaking Monitoring AND EVALUATION OF SUCCESS Although there are assorted techniques for monitoring and commanding a undertakings success, the earned value Analysis will be used to supervise the advancement of this venture from the beginning of the undertaking to the terminal. Besides the gross from the venture will be monitored to measure the undertaking s profitableness whether or non it meets with the company s forecasted net income. The Hotel Manager will besides supervise the cost of care of the pool every bit good the public presentation of the freshly employed workers to guarantee that the profitableness and standard aims are non compromised. Since an addition in cost of care and a lessening from gross will be unacceptable, the director will supervise the cost and guarantee that it does non travel beyond the estimated value. 4.1. Decision

13 estados con licencias de manejar para indocumentados

13 estados con licencias de manejar para indocumentados En la actualidad, los siguientes estados permiten sacar la licencia de manejar a los migrantes indocumentados: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Nevada, Nuevo Mà ©xico, Utah,Vermont y Washington. A ellos se sumà ³ el estado de Nueva York al aprobar la ley Green Light Bill en junio de 2019. Adems, tambià ©n es posible en Washington D.C., la capital de Estados Unidos. Cabe destacar que ni Texas ni Nueva York, el segundo y el tercer estado con ms poblacià ³n migrante, permite sacar la licencia de manejar a indocumentados. Texas, adems, es un estado con legislacià ³n problemtica para la poblacià ³n sin papeles. Es importante conocer los requisitos mà ­nimos que se piden en cada estado, ya que son distintos y quà © quiere decir que no se puede utilizar como identificacià ³n o para usos federales. Adems, es conveniente saber su relacià ³n con otras formas de identificacià ³n, como matrà ­cula consular y I.D. emitidos por algunas ciudades. 13 estados que permiten sacar la licencia de manejar a indocumentados y sus requisitos bsicos Por orden alfabà ©tico, son los siguientes: California. En aplicacià ³n de la ley AB60 ese estado permite sacar la licencia de manejar a los indocumentados que puedan probar residencia en California.  El permiso, que no puede ser utilizado como forma de identificacià ³n, tiene una marca que lo diferencia de las licencias emitidas a las personas que pueden probar que tienen estados migratorio legal en Estados Unidos. Colorado. En virtud de la ley SB 13-251, los migrantes indocumentados pueden solicitar el permiso de manejar. Para ello deben probar residencia en ese estado admitià ©ndose diferentes posibilidades. Por ejemplo, haber pagado income tax el aà ±o anterior, tener un nà ºmero de identificacià ³n fiscal conocido como ITIN y probar residencia por dos aà ±os con otros medios, etc. Connecticut. La ley HB 6495 autorizà ³ que los migrantes indocumentados puedan obtener la licencia de manejar en ese estado si pueden probar residencia en el mismo y nunca han sido condenados por un delito. Este permiso no puede utilizarse como identificacià ³n. Delaware. La ley SB 59 de ese estado autoriza a los indocumentados a obtener la licencia de manejar si prueban su residencia en ese estado mediante la planilla de pago de impuestos o porque han sido declarados como dependientes en las planillas de algà ºn residente. Tampoco vale como forma de identificacià ³n. Hawaii. La ley H 1007 autoriza la licencia para los indocumentados que puedan probar residencia en el archipià ©lago. Illinois. Por aplicacià ³n de la ley SB 0957, los migrantes indocumentados con ms de un aà ±o de residencia en el estado pueden sacar la licencia de manejar, que est marcada con una nota que hace referencia a su carcter de  ¨visitante temporal ¨.  Adems, es necesario presentar el pasaporte o la matrà ­cula consular para probar la identidad. Este permiso de manejar de Illinois es vlido por tres aà ±os. Maryland. La ley SB 715 autoriza la licencia de manejar para indocumentados que pagan impuestos en ese estado o son declarados como dependientes en las planillas de impuestos de un residente. Los permisos de este estado para indocumentados tienen un diseà ±o distinto a las regulares y, adems de no poder ser utilizadas como identificacià ³n, se seà ±ala expresamente que no pueden ser utilizadas para comprar armas. Nevada. Este estado autorizà ³ las licencias de manejar para indocumentados con la ley SB 303. El permiso es ligeramente diferente al regular y no puede ser utilizado como identificacià ³n.   Nueva York. Este estado aprobà ³ la ley Green Light Bill el 17 de junio de 2019 autorizando manejar a los indocumentados manejar en ese estado. La ley entrar en vigor a los 180 dà ­as y se estima que las primeras licencias podrn solicitarse en diciembre de ese aà ±o. Nuevo Mà ©xico. Este estado tiene una de las leyes ms antiguas que permiten obtener la licencia de manejar a indocumentados: la ley HB 173 del aà ±o 2003. Se ha intentado modificar para restringirla o incluso anular en varias ocasiones. Utah. La ley SB 227 permite las licencias de manejar para indocumentados vlidas por un aà ±o. Estos permisos son diferentes a los regulares y contienen la frase de que à ºnicamente son vlidas para manejar. Vermont. En aplicacià ³n de la ley S 38, los migrantes indocumentados en ese estado pueden obtener una tarjeta que brinda el privilegio de manejar. Es necesario probar la identidad y residencia en ese estado. Washington. Este es el estado con la ley ms antigua en vigor autorizando a los indocumentados para sacar la licencia de manejar ya que la HB 1444 entrà ³ en aplicacià ³n en 1993. Adems, es un estado que aunque tambià ©n exige residir dentro de su territorio, admite muchos documentos como prueba. Por ejemplo, pago de impuestos, factura de una utility, pago de matrà ­cula de universidad o transcripts de escuela, certificados de nacimiento de un hijo en ese estado o de matrimonio, etc. Y, por à ºltimo, la capital de los Estados Unidos, Washington D.C. tambià ©n permite, en aplicacià ³n de la ley B 20-275, la licencia de manejar para indocumentados. En este caso, es necesario probar residencia en la ciudad por ms de seis meses. La licencia, que es vlida por 8 aà ±os, no sirve como identificacià ³n.    ¿Para quà © sirve la licencia de manejar para indocumentados? En principio, su funcià ³n es autorizar para manejar y para comprar un seguro de auto. La mayorà ­a las licencias estatales para indocumentados contienen una marca o una frase que las hace diferente a las regulares. Esto significa que no pueden ser utilizadas como identificacià ³n para asuntos federales o en edificios federales, como los de Inmigracià ³n, prisiones federales, bases militares, etc. Adems, no se puede embarcar a un avià ³n mostrando documentos que no cumplan con los requisitos de la ley conocida como Real ID Act. Esto quiere decir que solamente se podrn utilizar como documentos para mostrar la identidad aquellas licencias de manejar que, para obtenerlas, hubiera sido necesario probar presencia legal en los Estados Unidos. Otras formas de identificacià ³n Ni la matrà ­cula consular ni los I.D. que emiten algunas ciudades como por ejemplo Nueva York, New Haven o San Francisco, pueden utilizarse para manejar legalmente o comprar seguro de auto. En cuanto a las licencias internacionales de manejar, à ©stas cumplen su funcià ³n, pero en ningà ºn caso sirven para sustituir la licencia de un estado y a pesar de lo que se dice, no son formas vlidas para manejar para los indocumentados. De interà ©s para migrantes indocumentados Salvo por orden judicial, los indocumentados no estn obligados a presentar a ninguna autoridad documentos que sirvan para establecer o probar su presencia irregular en los Estados Unidos. Para estar protegidos es importante conocer cules son los derechos que se tienen, especialmente en caso de arresto o detencià ³n. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

What difines a good community how do we build better Essay

What difines a good community how do we build better - Essay Example According to Wikipedia, the Spanish National Health System aims to extend services to the entire population. It also has the provision to have comprehensive health care with high standards. Spain is known for a lot of products. Their economy is affected by their produce of olive oil, several kinds of fruits, vegetables, poultry, metal, and textile. Most of their significant dealings are with France, Italy, Great Britain, and Germany. Despite its economic progress in recent years, it still falls back as compared to other European countries (â€Å"Spain: Economy†). Concerning eco-villages, most projects are in the starting phase. In a social networking site that aims to sustain environment friendly communities, a hectare has been purchased to be developed into a garden haven for its future occupants (â€Å"Sustainable Eco-villages†). As what is shown in the assessment of the State of the Environment Report that was published in 2010, areas affected by sulfur oxide have de creased over the years. Harmful gasses are mostly pervasive in metropolitan areas but not so in rural places. Spain’s different zones are taken into thorough consideration when it comes to the assessments (â€Å"Air Pollution†). On the other hand, what is actually happening in the society may be different from the ideals that are being acknowledged. Like any other nation, problems arise to challenge noble community goals and philosophies. Regarding its health care system, getting sick may be costly as compared to other countries like the United Kingdom or Canada (Spanish Habitat, â€Å"Moving and Living in Spain†). The Spanish Health Services do not address the comprehensive benefits like others have. Nursing homes are under the respective authorities per district. From the same online source, employment is also said to be difficult especially for foreigners. Most jobs are seasonal depending on holidays and other events.

A critucal revuew of the cause and effect of employee turnover in the Essay - 1

A critucal revuew of the cause and effect of employee turnover in the first six months of employment at ABC - Essay Example It is visibly evidenced that there is unconstructively relationship between the dependable variables of company performance and the Independent variables worker turnover, work stress, workload, family to work conflict, salary. The ABC study showed turn over effect on the functions of the operations. Turnover or inter-company mobility is a relocate of employees among the corporations and its environments such as other institutions or organizations. It can have both attractive and unattractive effects. Over the previous two decades of alertness of managerial matters, the issue of employee turnover still prevails in most of the corporation throughout the globe. This research study was done to assess the cause and effect of turnover in ABC Corporation. Even in the highly urbanized industrial countries, the rate of employee turnover is still very elevated. The area for the research study was ABC first six months employee turnover. The research study was implemented using quantitative technique for research. This was to assist in getting primary data. The questionnaire circulated among the employees of ABC was collected to know how much employee turnover affect the operation of the organization. The research was to provide causes and effects to assist the management in making wise de cision during employment practices. The research paper purpose was to handle the questions that is; what are the causes and effects of employee turnover on the performance of the ABC organization? Various investigations show that employee turnover unconstructively affect the overall competence of the organization. If appropriate action is implemented on employee workload, salary, work stress, job satisfaction, and work to family conflict, the turnover proportion alternatively declines and organization performance improves. A research article journal of applied psychology (2007) revealed that job satisfaction and affective

Illegal immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Illegal immigration - Essay Example Proponents usually argue for illegal immigration stating various benefits that are received by the US while the others bring forth arguments on how it affects many sectors by adversely shaping the social, economic and political landscape (Ledbetter 46). It is important though to consider why immigrants leave their countries in the first place. There is no doubt that illegal immigrants benefit US in a variety of ways while also having negative effects; however, the issue lies in the net effect where the negatives far outweigh the positives. According to the Commission on Civil Rights (U.S.) there are roughly 12 million illegal immigrants in the United States with Hispanic population taking 80% of total (28). On the other hand the total number of immigrants, legal and otherwise is more than 38 million meaning that the illegal ones hold a third. The same statistics show that by 2060 and at the current rate of immigration, the US will have an alarming total population of 470 million (49). Considering these numbers, it is important to appreciate some facts that form the basis of migration into the United States. Poverty from native countries. It is true that many people who risk travelling to the United States illegally aim at living a better life. The basis for this is poverty and most of these immigrants are from poor families in Mexico, Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe (LeMay 114). The global poverty situation is wanting and many developing countries contribute to mass immigration to the United States. What these people look for mostly are jobs which are in some countries terribly scarce whether one is well educated or not. Profit motive for US companies. Illegal immigrants due to their lack of work permits become quickly absorbed into industries and companies that offer them low wages in return. These industries do so to reduce on remuneration expenditure and offering of benefits like insurance which would otherwise

Assessment one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assessment one - Essay Example A similar holding was made in Harris 3 where the plaintiff lost his claims for loss of time and expense despite withdrawal of the advertised furniture from sale. An exception is the Carlill case 4 where an advertisement sufficiently constituted an offer to sell because it was a unilateral offer to sell to the world, which can be accepted by satisfying the condition required. Also, purchase of the product was enough consideration and the intent to be legally bound was proven by the deposit of  £1000 to the Bank. Thus, Chantelle’s advertisement is just an invitation to treat. Moreover, the exchange between Ben and Chantelle over the telephone lacks certainty and merely involves a request for information similar to Stevenson v McLean 5 where it a request for information was held not a counteroffer. Ben’s offer is only constituted the moment he wrote to Chantelle but such an offer is subject to acceptance, which did not happen. Felthouse v Bindley 6 held that acceptance must be communicated to the offeror. The lack of valid acceptance here militates against the forming of a valid

Discussion Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Discussion Question - Assignment Example Interpersonal relationships are very important to Filipinos. During the initial business meeting, one will most likely not meet the decision maker. Several visits need to be done before one meets the decision maker. Furthermore, negotiations with Filipino companies take more time because group consensus if often needed. â€Å"The pace of doing business in the Philippines is casual and leisurely† (Henderson, 1999). Because of the paternalistic and hierarchical management, decisions usually take time. Social relationships play a major role in the decision-making process. One must take note that Filipinos do not like confrontations. They find it hard to say â€Å"no† because they want to remain courteous (Communicaid Group Ltd., 2009). Moreover, saying â€Å"yes† may not really mean yes, rather, it may mean â€Å"perhaps† or â€Å"maybe† or even â€Å"no†. In negotiating with Filipino companies, it is important to be knowledgeable of the Filipino culture and traditions. The style of management is usually paternalistic; therefore, one must be able to adapt to this style to effectively do business in the Philippines (Henderson, 1999). Communicaid Group Ltd. (2009). Doing business in the Philippines / Philippine social and business culture. Retrieved May 25, 2012, from communicaid.com: http://www.communicaid.com/access/pdf/library/culture/doing-business-in/Doing%20Business%20in%20the%20Philippines.pdf kwintessential.co.uk. (n.d.). Philippines - language, culture, customs and etiquette. Retrieved May 25, 2012, from kwintessential.co.uk:

Assessment one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assessment one - Essay Example A similar holding was made in Harris 3 where the plaintiff lost his claims for loss of time and expense despite withdrawal of the advertised furniture from sale. An exception is the Carlill case 4 where an advertisement sufficiently constituted an offer to sell because it was a unilateral offer to sell to the world, which can be accepted by satisfying the condition required. Also, purchase of the product was enough consideration and the intent to be legally bound was proven by the deposit of  £1000 to the Bank. Thus, Chantelle’s advertisement is just an invitation to treat. Moreover, the exchange between Ben and Chantelle over the telephone lacks certainty and merely involves a request for information similar to Stevenson v McLean 5 where it a request for information was held not a counteroffer. Ben’s offer is only constituted the moment he wrote to Chantelle but such an offer is subject to acceptance, which did not happen. Felthouse v Bindley 6 held that acceptance must be communicated to the offeror. The lack of valid acceptance here militates against the forming of a valid

Role of Attitude in Organizational Behavior Essay

Role of Attitude in Organizational Behavior - Essay Example For example, the attitude of a person towards a friend can be examined in terms of cognitive component (â€Å"I think my friend is funny and pleasant†), affective component (â€Å"I feel nice when I am around this friend†) and behavioral component (â€Å"I try to spend time with this friend whenever I get an opportunity†). Attitudes of a person are influenced by both values and beliefs. Values reflect a general sense of right or wrong and do not require an identifiable object towards which it is directed (Cheek 2006). Values are therefore deeply rooted views that act as guiding principles for an individual. On the other hand beliefs are assumptions that one makes about oneself, about others and about how we expect things to be (Cheek 2006). Attitudes develop from past experiences or observations and have been found to guide future behavior. Behavior is the way one acts and includes the things that we say or do, like facial expressions, hand gestures, eye contact and choice of words (Standen n.d.). Behavior is usually an outward expression of one’s attitude. However, the two are not always related. Attitudes are only one of the determinants of behavior. It is the predisposition to behave in a particular way in a given situation. However, how one would actually behave in a given scenario, depends on many other factors like immediate consequences of the behavior, perception of others viewing the behavior, personal habits and other situational factors (Standen n.d.). A classic example to describe this is the study conducted by LaPiere (1934) where he went on a tour with a Chinese couple (at a time when Chinese were discriminated against) in the southwest. He asked the hotel proprietors if this couple could stay in their hotel and also if they could eat there.

Critical Thinking at Work Essay Example for Free

Critical Thinking at Work Essay The aforementioned â€Å"Rational Model† actually entails following 4 processes including: First of all is to pinpoint or identify the problem; second is to bring into being diverse alternatives/answers to the problem that has just been identified; third is to choose or pick a solution from the second stage or process; and last but not least is to implement the chosen solution before finally assessing it (Decision Making, n. d. ). The description provided will be further understood in the following example taken from my personal experience at the William Smith Sr. Tri-County Early Head Start. Example from My Personal Experience at William Smith Sr. Tri-County Early Head Start Keith A. , a student of the William Smith Sr. Tri-County Early Head Start has often been exhibiting temper tantrums. There are times when he would throw objects at other kids, slap them, lash out at them, etc. He does not seem to know how to calm down. The same thing happened during one of the weekly field trips. All of a sudden, he pushed his seatmate in the bus, yelled at her, and then eventually hit her. Following that incident, a school official seated behind him stood up and sat next to him. I thought she was just going to speak to the child, remind him that what he did was an unacceptable behavior, and oblige him to apologize to his seatmate, etc. But instead of doing so, he held the boy’s hands tightly and angrily told him to behave. When the young boy yelled at the school official, he held Keith’s cheek tightly, said â€Å"you better show some respect young man†. Keith spit at the school official as a response and so he was slapped in return. I did not protect the child. I did not have the courage to tell the school official that he should not treat the young boy that way even if what he did was wrong. Later that day, I was torn between telling the truth and just letting the occurrence pass. I knew in my heart that what the school official did was wrong. It clearly defies the philosophy/vision/mission, as well as, goals of the programs offered in William Smith Sr. Tri-County Early Head Start (William Smith, Sr. , Tri-County Child Development Council, Inc. , n. d. ). I would like to tell the head of the school about what I saw so that the school official who did that to Keith would be subjected to disciplinary action/s and so that such an untoward incident would never happen again because if it did so many students will probably be traumatized if that is how they will be treated if they misbehaved. It is quite difficult on my part to go to the head of the school though and relay what I had just witnessed earlier that day because I am only an ordinary â€Å"rank-and-file employee†. It would be my word as an ordinary employee against the high and mighty school official. It could mean loss of a job on my part. Importance/Benefits of Critical Thinking in the Decision-making Process I utilized the â€Å"Rational Model† here. First, I have identified the problem, which is whether or not to report the untoward incident that I witnessed. Second, I have realized the choices: a) I will tell the head about it to prevent such occurrence in the future; or b) I will just keep it to myself so as to keep my job as well. Third is to pick choice â€Å"a† because it is the right thing to do. Finally, carry it out. Critical thinking played a large role in the decision-making process that I had engaged in since I was able to balance/weigh everything before I moved. Without the â€Å"Rational Model† and without the process of critical thinking, I would not be able to decide objectively and probably arrived at the wrong/unethical decision. References Decision Making. (n. d. ). Retrieved January 17, 2008 from http://72. 14. 253. 104/search? q=cache:ycQOog9jFygJ:www. unf. edu/~gbaker/Man6204/Decision. PDF+decision-making+modelshl=tlct=clnkcd=2gl=phclient=firefox-a William Smith, Sr. , Tri-County Child Development Council, Inc. (n. d. ). About Us. Retrieved January 17, 2008 from http://www. wsstricounty. org/About. html

Project Life Cycle Sustainability Indicators

Project Life Cycle Sustainability Indicators INTRODUCTION A typical meaning of sustainability is hard to build, which represents a test when endeavouring to achieve agreement on the most ideal route in which it might be accomplished, (Mog, 2004). Various stakeholders have begun to adopt the technique of sustainable building, (Zhang, 2014). Developing consideration and interest over the social and environmental impact of business and how the social and environmental (surroundings, habitat, climate) issues affect business has led some companies to strongly report and take care of their sustainability footprint, (Adams and Frost 2008). The building sector has dependably been viewed as an extremely noteworthy front line for advancing sustainable development by more feasible practices in the procurement, planning, design, construction and office administration stages, (Zhang, 2014). Different advances are accessible for implementation in creating sustainable projects over distinctive phases of the projects, including planning, designing and maintenance, (Zhang, 2014), perception of sustainable implementation of projects is essential because of the effect it has on surroundings and environs and also concerns various parties (Bueno et al., 2013; Jeon and Amekudzi, 2005; Litman, 2007). Several indicators have been developed to be able to identify project sustainability at various levels of the project life cycle. SUSTAINABILITY The triple bottom line has been made reference to in several research works, this is often referred to as the 3P’s (people, planet and profit) or sometimes as 3BL, the triple bottom line is referred to as the foundation of sustainability and it emerged in the mid 90’s. Sustainability has been defined in so many ways by so many authors in their research work, but there is still a similarity in the definition, sustainability is about preserving natural resources, the environment for future generations while utilising it, the concurrent development of social, technological, environment and ecology are general requirements for sustainability, (Pons and Aquado, 2012; Terio and Kahkonan, 2011; Abeysundara and Babel, 2010). Kleindoorfer et al., 2005 defines sustainability as the . Since the ideology of sustainable development was introduced in 1987 by Bruntland, a lot of gradual events have taken place to boost the attention on environment and sustainability program, (Zainul A bidin, 2008). Abidin, (2010) mentioned awareness and knowledge as factors that boost sustainable movement, interest, demand and implementation comes after (Du Plessis, 2007). Civil engineering projects has a large percentage of contribution to the environmental sustainability, in construction organisations, sustainable development has been an important issue, (Holton et al., 2010), in an annual report in UK, 42 construction companies were reviewed to have little information on sustainability, (Myers, 2005). Considerable changes related to materials, management, skills, technique and innovations needed in the construction organisation are as a result of sustainable issues, (Glass et al., 2008). The issue of sustainability and how it affects the projects progress has been a rising issue among management teams, in order to address the need towards sustainable development, sustainable evaluation frameworks have been executed by the development industry (Clevenger et al., 2013), several frameworks for assessing infrastructural sustainability of projects has been developed, (Lim, 2009; Clevenger et al., 2013), these sustainable assessment are created either by non-governmental, government or by joint work with academic bodies, some of these assessment schemes are available in state system and also some are available at national level, (Hezri, 2004). Companies that comply with the sustainability regulation are likely to experience loss of income, (Tan, Shen and Yao, 2011), sustainable buildings are expected to have less impact on the environment, although the efficacy of the delivering process would be affected by complications in delivering sustainable building projects, (Horman et al., 2006; Salkin et al., 2012). Several sustainability factors for assessing sustainability have been developed; Lim (2009), suggested some sustainability factors and the impact its implementation has on road infrastructure projects, also sustainable factors for assessing built infrastructural projects were suggested by Ugwu and Haupt, (2007) in their research work; these built infrastructure categorised under project management, economy, resource utilisation and the environment. Several means of monitoring sustainability in projects have been developed, sustainability indicators have been developed by various authors to monitor sustainability at various levels in a project, Dasgupta and Tam in 2005 developed a sustainability indicator (Technical sustainibilty index) based on existing research, also (Ugwu et al., 2006) in their research work proposed a sustainability indicator called the Sustainability appraisal in infrastructural projects. CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS Various civil engineering projects impacts on the environment, Zhang, Wu and Shen, 2014 reported that construction projects expend a large amount of energy, resources, land and water, this leads to consumption of resources and energy. To achieve a sustainable development in construction projects, it is necessary to have a sustainable performance across the project’s life cycle, (Shen et al., 2007), due to the evolving interest in the preservation of nature, construction projects are faced with the challenge of producing a sustainable project, for a construction project to be termed sustainable it must consist of social, economical and environmental factors (Abidin, 2008). In implementing sustainable projects, previous research work has indicated that although it can be time consuming, the cost of its implementation is not as expensive as it seems. Cost, time and quality has been generally described as an essential factor in measuring the performance of construction projects, ( Chen and Chen, 2004), for construction projects to be completed on time is a requirement, although previous research prove that construction projects are hardly completed on time, (Hussin, Rahman and Memon, 2013), Amu and Adesanya, 2011 reported that with a total of 3,407 projects in Nigeria, 1812 were abandoned, 1517 were delayed while only 24 projects were completed on time, also in Vietnam, it was recognised by their government that the completion of projects on time especially government funded projects was a hassle, (Le-Hoai, Lee, and Lee, 2008). Towhid and Amiruddin, (2012) identified that the cause of the delay in project delivering is inadequate planning, delay in design approval, disagreement with design report. FEASIBILITY Notwithstanding, advancing the sustainability in any business area has gotten to be progressively vital and at the operational level inside organizations. In accordance with this advancement, there is a developing worry that social and financial issues have been exceeding natural issues in the current practice of directing project feasibility study, (Jorgensen, 2008). Shen et al., (2010) described feasibility study as a priority before commencing project design and construction, also mentioned in their research work is that the progress of a project is directly affected by the efficiency of the feasibility study. PLANNING Planning is very essential in projects, for a project to be executed successfully it has to be planned properly, (Nowak and Nowak, 2013), linked the success of project to the righ plan at the beginning of the project, also Litman and Burwell, 2006 reported in their work that the need for organised planning in different sectors is brought about by the emphasis on sustainability with respect to human activities. Every project is different and because of this it is difficult to estimate the duration of the planning process, (Schute, 2005). There are various factors that affect the planning of projects, some of these factors are financial, environmental and internal issues that have to do with the project teams such as misinterpretation and lack of understanding, lack of cooperation among team members, in Sozuer and Spang (2014) research work, planning process (duration and cost) is not only affected by financial issues but also government law on sustainable environment (protecting the h abitat), so many other factors were indicated also to affect the planning process DESIGN Due to lack of integrated structured procedure for sustainable assessment, designers use their previous background in designing projects to make judgements on new project design, (Ugwu et al., 2006). Sustainability issues due to different factors that arise during various projects can be addressed at the design stage. Negative and positive aspects in design are identified at an early stage through the use of sustainable appraisal, this early detection makes it easy for problems to be addressed and also to further modify and improve the project design, (Kumar, Rouquette and Lerner, 2012), Mulder (2006) described sustainability with regards to design in his research work as an attribute a design ought to meet rather than a extra precedent. Issues surrounding sustainability should in this manner be considered by engineers amid all design phases of a project through generally incorporated supplements to the ordinary methodology IMPLEMENTATION/BUILDING Few researches recommended that while implementing construction projects, sustainable principles should be embraced, as this can contribute to profit making, (Turk, 2009), however cost appears to be an issue when implementing sustainable civil projects, Zhang, Wu and Shen, 2014 identified cost as the most important factor which affects project teams when they make decision, cost was also identified in their research work to be increased during sustainable (green) construction implementation, Ofori and Kien, 2004 reported in their research also that in implementing sustainable constructions, cost was seen as a limitation. Numerous designers are not eager to push the limit particularly when it implies they need to move the ordinary method for development and wander into another domain of engineering which may bring about more forthright expenses, (Abidin, 2008). The term ‘green’ has been used generally to describe sustainability and protection of the environment either by using recycling materials and / or environmental materials in our daily activities. Green has been introduced in the construction industry as a means to reduce the harm imposed on the environment, in the implementation of this ‘green’ construction, four areas of concentration were listed; the proper utilisation of energy and natural resources, the use of environmental friendly equipments, recycling and environmental awareness, (Zhang, Wu and Shen, 2014), Shi et al., 2013 describes green construction as the use of technology and scientific management to ensure safety and proper utilization of natural resources in engineering construction and also to reduce the adverse effect the construction process would have on the environment. In implementing green construction, three factors were identified to limit the effectiveness of these; cost increase, added time and a finite amount of green resources, Shi et al., 2013.